Over the last few years we’ve looked at various tools to help us identify exploitable patterns in asset prices. In particular we have considered basic econometrics, statistical machine learning and Bayesian statistics.
While these are all great modern tools for data analysis, the vast majority of asset modeling in the industry still makes use of statistical time series analysis. In this article we are going to examine what time series analysis is, outline its scope and learn how we can apply the techniques to various frequencies of financial data.
What is Time Series Analysis?
Firstly, a time series is defined as some quantity that is measured sequentially in time over some interval.
In its broadest form, time series analysis is about inferring what has happened to a series of data points in the past and attempting to predict what will happen to it the future.
However, we are going to take a quantitative statistical approach to time series, by assuming that our time series are realisations of sequences of random variables. That is, we are going to assume that there is some underlying generating process for our time series based on one or more statistical distributions from which these variables are drawn.
Time series analysis attempts to understand the past and predict the future.
Such a sequence of random variables is known as a discrete-time stochastic process (DTSP). In quantitative trading we are concerned with attempting to fit statistical models to these DTSPs to infer underlying relationships between series or predict future values in order to generate trading signals.
Time series in general, including those outside of the financial world, often contain the following features:
- Trends - A trend is a consistent directional movement in a time series. These trends will either be deterministic or stochastic. The former allows us to provide an underlying rationale for the trend, while the latter is a random feature of a series that we will be unlikely to explain. Trends often appear in financial series, particularly commodities prices, and many Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) funds use sophisticated trend identification models in their trading algorithms.
- Seasonal Variation - Many time series contain seasonal variation. This is particularly true in series representing business sales or climate levels. In quantitative finance we often see seasonal variation in commodities, particularly those related to growing seasons or annual temperature variation (such as natural gas).
- Serial Dependence - One of the most important characteristics of time series, particularly financial series, is that of serial correlation. This occurs when time series observations that are close together in time tend to be correlated. Volatility clustering is one aspect of serial correlation that is particularly important in quantitative trading.
How Can We Apply Time Series Analysis in Quantitative Finance?
Our goal as quantitative researchers is to identify trends, seasonal variations and correlation using statistical time series methods, and ultimately generate trading signals or filters based on inference or predictions.
Our approach will be to:
- Forecast and Predict Future Values - In order to trade successfully we will need to accurately forecast future asset prices, at least in a statistical sense.
- Simulate Series - Once we identify statistical properties of financial time series we can use them to generate simulations of future scenarios. This allows us to estimate the number of trades, the expected trading costs, the expected returns profile, the technical and financial investment required in infrastructure, and thus ultimately the risk profile and profitability of a particular strategy or portfolio.
- Infer Relationships - Identification of relationships between time series and other quantitative values allows us to enhance our trading signals through filtration mechanisms. For example, if we can infer how the spread in a foreign exchange pair varies with bid/ask volume, then we can filter any prospective trades that may occur in a period where we forecast a wide spread in order to reduce transaction costs.
In addition we can apply standard (classical/frequentist or Bayesian) statistical tests to our time series models in order to justify certain behaviours, such as regime change in equity markets.
Time Series Analysis Software
To date we have almost exclusively made use of C++ and Python for our trading strategy implementation. Both of these languages are “first class environments” for writing an entire trading stack. They both contain many libraries and allow an “end-to-end” construction of a trading system solely within that language.
Unfortunately, C++ and Python do not possess extensive statistical libraries. This is one of their shortcomings. For this reason we will be using the R statistical environment as a means of carrying out time series research. R is well-suited for the job due to the availability of time series libraries, statistical methods and straightforward plotting capabilities.
We will learn R in a problem-solving fashion, whereby new commands and syntax will be introduced as needed. Fortunately, there are plenty of extremely useful tutorials for R availabile on the internet and I will point them out as we go through the sequence of time series analysis articles.
QuantStart Time Series Analysis Roadmap
Previous articles to date on the topics of statistical learning, econometrics and Bayesian analysis, have mostly been introductory in nature and haven’t considered applications of such techniques to modern, high-frequency pricing information.
In order to apply some of the above techniques to higher frequency data we need a mathematical framework in which to unify our research. Time series analysis provides such a unification and allows us to discuss separate models within a statistical setting.
Eventually we will utilise Bayesian tools and machine learning techniques in conjunction with the following methods in order to forecast price level and direction, act as filters and determine “regime change”, that is, determine when our time series have changed their underlying statistical behaviour.
Our time series roadmap is as follows. Each of the topics below will form its own article or set of articles. Once we’ve examined these methods in depth, we will be in a position to create some sophisticated modern models for examining high-frequency data.
- Time Series Introduction - This article outlines the area of time series analysis, its scope and how it can be applied to financial data.
- Correlation - An absolutely fundamental aspect of modeling time series is the concept of serial correlation. We will define it and describe one of the biggest pitfalls of time series analysis, namely that “correlation does not imply causation”.
- Forecasting - In this section we will consider the concept of forecasting, that is making predictions of future direction or level for a particular time series, and how it is carried out in practice.
- Stochastic Models - We have spent some time considering stochastic models in the field of options pricing on the site, namely with Geometric Brownian Motion and Stochastic Volatility. We will be looking at other models, including white noise and autoregressive models.
- Regression - When we have deterministic (as opposed to stochastic) trends in the data we can justify their extrapolation using regression models. We will consider both linear and non-linear regression, and account for serial correlation.
- Stationary Models - Stationary models assume that the statistical properties (namely the mean and variance) of the series are constant in time. We can use Moving Average (MA) models, as well as combine them with autoregressive models to form ARMA models.
- Non-Stationary Models - Many financial time series are non-stationary, that is they have varying mean and variance. In particular, asset prices often have periods of high-volatility. For these series we need to use non-stationary models such as ARIMA, ARCH and GARCH.
- Multivariate Modeling - We have considered multivariate models on QuantStart in the past, namely when we considered mean-reverting pairs of equities. In this section we will more rigourously define cointegration and look at further tests for it. We will also consider vector autoregressive (VAR) models [not to be confused with Value-at-Risk!].
- State-Space Models - State Space Modelling borrows a long history of modern control theory used in engineering in order to allow us to model time series with rapidly varying parameters (such as the β slope variable between two cointegrated assets in a linear regression). In particular, we will consider the famous Kalman Filter and the Hidden Markov Model. This will be one of the major uses of Bayesian analysis in time series.