ceArray = array.new<float>(samplesInput) method maintainQueue(array<float> srcArray, float value, bool takeSample = true) => if takeSample srcArray.push(value) srcArray.shift() srcArray

method calcBB(array<float> srcArray, float mult, bool calculate = true) => var float mean = na var float dev = na if calculate mean := srcArray.avg() dev := srcArray.stdev() * mult [mean, mean + dev, mean - dev]

bool newSample = bar_index % n == 0

[sampleMean, highBand, lowBand] = sourceArray.maintainQueue(sourceInput, newSample).calcBB(multiplier, newSample)

plot(sampleMean, “Basis”, color.orange) plot(highBand, “Upper”, color.lime) plot(lowBand, “Lower”, color.red)

可以看到使用关键字method声明的用户自定义方法：maintainQueue、calcBB的参数列表中第一个参数都是```array<float>```类型。表示该method是```array<float>```类型变量的方法，所以可以看到调用以下代码来计算布林指标。

```pine
[sampleMean, highBand, lowBand] = sourceArray.maintainQueue(sourceInput, newSample).calcBB(multiplier, newSample)

Methods reloaded

User-defined methods can overlay and overwrite existing built-in methods and user-defined methods with the same identifier. This feature allows users to define multiple instances associated with different parameter signatures under the same method name. As a simple example, suppose we want to define a method to identify the type of a variable. Since we must explicitly specify the type of object associated with the user-defined method, we need to define overwrite for each type we want it to identify.

//@version=5
indicator("Type Inspection")

// @function   Identifies an object's type.
// @param this Object to inspect.
// @returns    (string) A string representation of the type.
method getType(int this) =>
    na(this) ? "int(na)" : "int"

method getType(float this) =>
    na(this) ? "float(na)" : "float"

method getType(bool this) =>
    na(this) ? "bool(na)" : "bool"

method getType(color this) =>
    na(this) ? "color(na)" : "color"

method getType(string this) =>
    na(this) ? "string(na)" : "string"

a = 1             // a.getType(): float
b = 1.0           // b.getType(): float
c = true          // c.getType(): bool
d = color.white   // d.getType(): string(na)
e = "1"           // e.getType(): string

runtime.log("a.getType():", a.getType())
runtime.log("b.getType():", b.getType())
runtime.log("c.getType():", c.getType())
runtime.log("d.getType():", d.getType())
runtime.log("e.getType():", e.getType())
runtime.error("stop")

The basic type of each variable is determinedgetType()What type of overload will be used. In the FMZ platform, since the underlying implementation of the PINE script is the Javascript language, the numerical type is judged as float data.

Built-in functions

When calling a function, parameters can be passed, parameters can be named, variables can be passed directly at the corresponding parameter location, and mixed use is also supported. For example:

plot(close, title="test plot")     // 直接传参数 close ；指定参数 title ，赋值字符串"test plot"

Once the parameter name assignment is specified, the variable can no longer be passed directly as a parameter. All subsequent passwords must be written in the form of parameter name assignment.

// plot(close, title="test", color.red)    // 虽然plot第三个参数是颜色值，但是这样写就会报错
plot(close, title="test", color=color.red) // 正确写法
plot(close, "test", color.red)             // 正确写法

timeframe

timeframe.in_seconds

It will be forwarded totimeframeThe time period of the parameter is converted to seconds.

timeframe.in_seconds(timeframe)

Examples

// Get chart timeframe:
i_tf = input.timeframe("1D")

// Convert timeframe to the int value (number of seconds in 1 Day):
tf = timeframe.in_seconds(i_tf)

plot(tf)

Returns the value timeframeThe int of the number of seconds in a K-line is given by the form

Parameters

• timeframe(simple string) Timeframe↑ Optional↑ The default is timeframe.period↑

NotesFor thetimeframe>= 1M function calculated from the number of seconds of 30.4167 (365/12) days in a month.

See you later input.timeframe timeframe.period

ticker

ticker.heikinashi

Create a code identifier requesting smooth average K-line value.

ticker.heikinashi(symbol)

Examples

heikinashi_close = request.security(ticker.heikinashi(syminfo.tickerid), timeframe.period, close)

heikinashi_aapl_60_close = request.security(ticker.heikinashi(syminfo.tickerid), "60", close)
plot(heikinashi_close)
plot(heikinashi_aapl_60_close)

Returns the value 股票代码的字符串值，可以提供给request.security函数。

Parameters

• symbol(simple string) Commodity code identifier.

See you later syminfo.tickerid syminfo.ticker request.security

request

request.data

Request external data.

request.data(url, attribute)

Examples

/*backtest
start: 2024-09-01 16:00:00
end: 2024-10-10 08:00:00
period: 1d
basePeriod: 1d
exchanges: [{"eid":"Futures_Binance","currency":"BTC_USDT"}]
args: [["RunMode",1,358374],["ZPrecision",0,358374]]
*/

var chart_data = "https://www.datadata.com/api/v1/query/ebe46218-c5c6-4366-8c72-413694417976/data"
spotPrice = request.data(chart_data, "$.spot_close_price")
futuresPrice = request.data(chart_data, "$.future_close_price")
diff = futuresPrice - spotPrice

plot(diff, "永续-现货差价")
plot(futuresPrice, "期货价格", overlay=true)
plot(spotPrice, "现货价格", overlay=true)

if diff > 80 and strategy.position_size >= 0
    runtime.log("diff > 80")
    strategy.entry("Enter Short", strategy.short)
if diff < 60 and strategy.position_size <= 0
    runtime.log("diff < 60")
    strategy.entry("Enter Short", strategy.long)

Returns the valueParametersattributeSpecified data series.

Parameters

• url(simple string) The requested data source url, the data format of which the data source responds to, must meet the following requirements (including at least the time、data attributes):{"data": [], "schema": ["time", "data"]}The following data formats can be used in the example:

  {
      "data": [
          [1720051200000, "{\"spot_close_price\" : 57050.01, \"future_close_price\" : 57045.9}"],
          [1720137600000, "{\"spot_close_price\" : 56628.79, \"future_close_price\" : 56604.9}"],
          // ...
      ],
      "schema": ["time", "data"]
  }
  

• attribute(simple string) Specifies the attribute name and returns the desired data. For example:"$.spot_close_price", use$.As a prefix, the attribute name matches the attribute in the data field in the data that was responded to when the requested data source was requested

Check if an error is indicatedrequest.dataWhether the time range of the request is consistent with the time range of the retest setup, data will return an error if it is not queried in the retest time sequence.

The data-data data query SQL statement in this example:

WITH latest_data AS (
    SELECT 
        klines.spot_1d.Time AS time,
        CONCAT('{\"spot_close_price\" : ', klines.spot_1d.Close, ', \"future_close_price\" : ', klines.future_1d.Close, '}') AS data
    FROM 
        klines.spot_1d
    JOIN 
        klines.future_1d
    ON 
        klines.spot_1d.Time = klines.future_1d.Time
    WHERE
        klines.spot_1d.Symbol = 'btc_usdt'
    AND 
        klines.future_1d.Symbol = 'btc_usdt.swap'
    AND 
        klines.spot_1d.Exchange = 'Binance'
    AND 
        klines.future_1d.Exchange = 'Binance'
    ORDER BY 
        klines.spot_1d.Time DESC
    LIMIT 100
)
SELECT * FROM latest_data
ORDER BY time ASC;

You can find it on the FMZ platformSearching for dataPage query, create data link, as used in the examplehttps://www.datadata.com/api/v1/query/ebe46218-c5c6-4366-8c72-413694417976/data。

request.security

This is the first time I have seen this video.

request.security(symbol, timeframe, expression, gaps, lookahead, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency) 

Examples

s = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", close)   // 1 Day
plot(s)

expr = ta.sma(close, 10)
s1 = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "240", expr) // 240 Minutes
plot(s1)

// To avoid difference in calculation on history/realtime you can request not latest values and use merge strategy flags as follows:
s2 = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", close[1], barmerge.gaps_off, barmerge.lookahead_on)
plot(s2)
f() => [open, high]
[o, h] = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", f())
[l, c] = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", [low, close])
plot((o + h + l + c) / 4)

Returns the valueRequired series

Parameters

• symbol(simple string) Commodity code.
• timeframe(simple string) Time period. The empty string will be interpreted as the current time period of the graph.
• expression(series int/float/bool/color) can be called from request.security and return an expression. It can be an array or an array containing elements that can be converted to a series.
• gaps(barmerge_gaps) Policy for merging data requested ((requires data to be merged automatically with the main series of OHLC data)). Possible values: barmerge.gaps_on, barmerge.gaps_off。 barmerge.gaps_on - data requested is merged with possible gaps ((na value) ). barmerge.gaps_off - data requested is merged continuously without interruption, with all gaps filled with the previous most recent existing value。 The default is barmerge.gaps_off。
• lookahead(barmerge_lookahead) gives the requested data merge policy. Possible values: barmerge.lookahead_on, barmerge.lookahead_off. Starting with version 3, the default is barmerge.lookahead_off. Note that the behavior is the same as in real time, only different in history.
• ignore_invalid_symbol(const bool) An optional parameter. Determines the behavior of the function if the specified commodity is not found: if false, the script will stop and return an error at run time; if true, the function will return na and continue to execute.
• currency(simple string) Converts the currency-related value (e.g. OHLC) of the commodity into the currency it is converted into. Then the conversion value is calculated based on the conversion value. The conversion rate used is based on the daily exchange rate of the previous day of the FX_IDC pair (relative to the K-line to be calculated). Optional. The default value is syminfo.currency. Possible value: a three-letter string or currency with an ISO 4217 format currency code (e.g. USD). One of the constants in the namespace, e.g. currency.USD.

NotesUsing this feature, the code in PineScript can perform different calculations on historical records and real-time data.If you want to specify additional parameters for the requested commodity, such as transaction time intervals or adjustment type, you can use the following command to specify the type of transaction.您可以使用ticker.newLet's see if we can do this. You can't pass a point error to this function using the ticker tick variable. You can use tick.ticker.newA string representation of a hash variable or stock code, such as hash AAPL+MSFT*TSLA hash.Currently, a script can have up to 40 request.security calls. Please note that using this variable/function may result in a redrawing of the indicator. The resolution parameter allows values of: 1S, 5S, 15S, 30S - second interval ((Chart cycle should be less than or equal to the requested cycle) From 1 to 1440 minutes From 1D to 365D days From 1W to 52W in a few weeks. From 1M to 12M in a few months

See you later syminfo.ticker syminfo.tickerid timeframe.period ta.correlation barmerge.lookahead_off barmerge.lookahead_on

str

str.contains

What ifsourceString containsstrIf a string is a substring, it returns true, otherwise it returns false.

str.contains(source, str)

Examples

// If the current chart is a continuous futures chart, e.g “BTC1!”, then the function will return true, false otherwise.
var isFutures = str.contains(syminfo.tickerid, "!")
plot(isFutures ? 1 : 0)

Returns the valueWhat ifsourceFind in the string.str, is true or false.

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• str(series string) The substring to be searched.

See you later str.pos str.match

str.endswith

What ifsourceString withstrThe end of the specified substring returns true or false.

str.endswith(source, str)

Returns the valueWhat ifsourceString withstrThe end of the specified substring is true or false.

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• str(series string) The substring to be searched.

See you later str.startswith

str.startswith

What ifsourceString withstrThe start of the specified substring in the middle returns true, otherwise false.

str.startswith(source, str)

Returns the valueWhat ifsourceString withstrThe start of the substring specified in the string is true, otherwise false.

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• str(series string) The substring to be searched.

See you later str.endswith

str.substring

So we're going to return a new string, which issourceA substring of a string.begin_posStart with the character in the specified index and extend tosourceThe end_pos of the string is end_pos - 1.

str.substring(source, begin_pos)

str.substring(source, begin_pos, end_pos)

Examples

sym= "EXCHANGE_NAME:SYMBOL_NAME"
pos = str.pos(sym, ":")        // Get position of ":" character
tkr= str.substring(sym, pos+1) // "SYMBOL_NAME"
if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory
    runtime.log(tkr)

Returns the valueA substring extracted from the source string.

Parameters

• source(series string) Extract the source string of the substring.
• begin_pos(series int) is the starting position of the extracted substring. It is exclusive (the extracted substring includes characters from that position).
• end_pos(series int) end position. It is exclusive (extracted string does not include characters from that position). Optional.sourceString length.

NotesThe string index starts at 0; ifbegin_posis equal toend_pos, which returns an empty string.

See you later str.contains str.pos str.match

str.tonumber

str.tonumber(string)

Returns the valueIf it contains a valid number, it is the floating-point type of the string, otherwise it is na.

Parameters

• string(series string) int or float string representation form.

str.format

Convert format strings and values to formatting strings. A format string can contain a placeholder in the text and a parenthesis {} in the parenthesis {} of each value to be formatted. Each placeholder includes an index that will replace its required parameter (starting from 0), and an optional format instruction. The index indicates the position of the parameter in the list of str.format parameters.

str.format(formatString, arg0, arg1, ...)

Examples

// The format specifier inside the curly braces accepts certain modifiers:
// - Specify the number of decimals to display:
s1 = str.format("{0,number,#.#}", 1.34) // returns: 1.3
runtime.log(s1)

// - Round a float value to an integer:
s2 = str.format("{0,number,integer}", 1.34) // returns: 1
runtime.log(s2)

// - Display a number in currency:
s3 = str.format("{0,number,currency}", 1.34) // returns: $1.34
runtime.log(s3)

// - Display a number as a percentage:
s4 = str.format("{0,number,percent}", 0.5) // returns: 50%
runtime.log(s4)

// EXAMPLES WITH SEVERAL ARGUMENTS
// returns: Number 1 is not equal to 4
s5 = str.format("Number {0} is not {1} to {2}", 1, "equal", 4)
runtime.log(s5)

// returns: 1.34 != 1.3
s6 = str.format("{0} != {0, number, #.#}", 1.34)
runtime.log(s6)

// returns: 1 is equal to 1, but 2 is equal to 2
s7 = str.format("{0, number, integer} is equal to 1, but {1, number, integer} is equal to 2", 1.34, 1.52)
runtime.log(s7)

// returns: The cash turnover amounted to $1,340,000.00
s8 = str.format("The cash turnover amounted to {0, number, currency}", 1340000)
runtime.log(s8)

// returns: Expected return is 10% - 20%
s9 = str.format("Expected return is {0, number, percent} - {1, number, percent}", 0.1, 0.2)
runtime.log(s9)

Returns the valueString formatted.

Parameters

• formatString(series string) String in the format.
• arg0, arg1, ...(series int/float/bool/string/na/int[]/float[]/bool[]/string[]) is the value to be formatted.

NotesAll parentheses in the unquoted style must be balanced. For example, ab {0} de" and "ab } de" are valid styles, but "ab {0} de, ab } de" and {" are not.

str.length

Returns the integer that corresponds to the number of characters in the string.

str.length(string)

Returns the valueThe number of characters in the source string.

Parameters

• string(series string) The source string

str.lower

Returns a new string where all letters are converted to lower case.

str.lower(source)

Returns the valueAll the letters are converted into new lowercase strings.

Parameters

• source(series string) The string to be converted.

See you later str.upper

str.upper

Returns a new string in which all letters are converted to capital letters.

str.upper(source)

Returns the valueAll the letters are converted into new strings in capital letters.

Parameters

• source(series string) The string to be converted.

See you later str.lower

str.match

If matchedregexThe normal expression returnssourceThe new substring of the string, otherwise returns na.

str.match(source, regex) 

Examples

s = input.string("It's time to sell some EXCHANGE_NAME:SYMBOL_NAME!")

// finding first substring that matches regular expression "[\w]+:[\w]+"
var string tickerid = str.match(s, "[\\w]+:[\\w]+")

if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory
    runtime.log(tickerid) // "EXCHANGE_NAME:SYMBOL_NAME"

Returns the value sourceThe new substring of the string, if it matches aregexThe normal expression, otherwise it is na.

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• regex(series string) The regular expression that matches this string.

NotesThe function returnssourceThe first regular expression in the string.regexThe inverse syllable \\ symbol in a string requires the use of additional inverse syllable translations, such as the regular expression \\d\\\.

See you later str.contains str.substring

str.pos

Going backsourceFirst appearance in the stringstrThe position of the string, otherwise return na.

str.pos(source, str)

Returns the value strString is insourceLocation in the string.

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• str(series string) The substring to be searched.

NotesThe string index starts at 0.

See you later str.contains str.match str.substring

str.replace

Returns a new string in which the first N+1 occurred.targetString and previouslytargetThe string is replaced withreplacementString, where N is inoccurrenceSpecifies n as the matching index of the target string to be replaced in the source string

str.replace(source, target, replacement, occurrence)

Examples

var source = "EXCHANGE1:SYMBOL1 / EXCHANGE1:SYMBOL2"

// Replace first occurrence of "EXCHANGE1" with "EXCHANGE2" replacement string
var newSource = str.replace(source, "EXCHANGE1",  "EXCHANGE2", 0)

if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory
    // Display "EXCHANGE2:SYMBOL1 / EXCHANGE1:SYMBOL2"
    runtime.log(newSource)

Returns the valueString has been processed

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• target(series string) replaced string
• replacement(series string) The string to be inserted instead of the target string.
• occurrence(series int) The matching index of the target string to be replaced appears in the source string. The first matching index starts at 0. Optional. Default is 0.

See you later str.replace_all str.match

str.replace_all

Replace the target string every time it appears in the source string.

str.replace_all(source, target, replacement)

Returns the valueString has been processed

Parameters

• source(series string) The source string
• target(series string) replaced string
• replacement(series string) Each time the target string appears, it replaces the string

str.split

Splits the string into a substring array and returns its array ID.

str.split(string, separator)

Returns the valueThe ID of the string array

Parameters

• string(series string) The source string
• separator(series string) A string that separates each substring.

str.tostring

str.tostring(value)

str.tostring(value, format)

str.tostring(value[])

str.tostring(value[], format)

Returns the value valueString representation of the form of the parameter. What ifvalueIf the parameter is a string, it returns as it was. WhenvalueFor na, the function returns the string NaN.

Parameters

• value(series int/float/bool/string/int[]/float[]/bool[]/string[]) whose elements are converted to the value of the string or the array ID.
• format (series string) Format string. Accepts these format.* constants: format.mintick, format.percent, format.volume. Optional. The default value is ‘#.##########’.

NotesThe floating-point value format also quatrains these values when necessary, e.g. str.tostring ((3.99, #) will return 4. To display the zero, use 0 instead of #. For example, ##.000. When using format.mintick, this value is quaternized to the nearest number that can be divided by syminfo.mintick without remainders. The returned string has a zero after it. Returns the same string value if x is a string. The Bool type parameter returns either true or false. When x is na, the function returns NaN.

color

color.new

The function color specifies the transparency applied to the given color.

color.new(color, transp)

Examples

plot(close, color=color.new(color.red, 50))

Returns the valueThere is a certain transparency in the colours.

Parameters

• color (series color)
• transp(series int/float) Available values range from 0 (not transparent) to 100 (not visible)

NotesUsing a very large number of parameters (e.g. a simple button, input button, or series button) will affect the color displayed on the script button settings/stylesheet label page. See the user manual for more information.

color.rgb

Using the RGB color model to create new colors with transparency.

color.rgb(red, green, blue, transp)

Examples

plot(close, color=color.rgb(255, 0, 0, 50))

Returns the valueThere is a certain transparency in the colours.

Parameters

• red(series int/float) Tone red. Possible values are from 0 to 255.
• green(series int/float) Tone green. Possible values range from 0 to 255.
• blue(series int/float) Blue tone. Possible values range from 0 to 255
• transp(series int/float) Optional. Colour transparent. Possible values from 0 (not transparent) to 100 (transparent). Default value is 0.

NotesUsing a very large number of parameters (e.g. a simple button, input button, or series button) will affect the color displayed on the script button settings/stylesheet label page. See the user manual for more information.

runtime

runtime.debug

Print the variable information on the controller.

The FMZ PINE language has a special function.runtime.debug(value), there is only one parameter.

runtime.log

Export the contents in the log.

The FMZ PINE language has a special function.runtime.log(1, 2, 3, close, high, ...), can pass multiple parameters.

runtime.error

When called, it can cause runtime errors and can be associated withmessageError message specified in the parameter.

runtime.error(message)

Parametersmessage (series string) error message.

input

input

Add input to the input label page of the script setting, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function automatically detects the type of parameters used for the undefval tab and uses the corresponding input plugin.

input(defval, title, tooltip, inline, group)

input(defval, title, inline, group, tooltip)

Examples

i_switch = input(true, "On/Off")     // 设置true，默认勾选
plot(i_switch ? open : na)

i_len = input(7, "Length")
i_src = input(close, "Source")       // 下拉框，默认选择close
plot(ta.sma(i_src, i_len))

i_col = input(color.red, "Plot Color")
plot(close, color=i_col)

i_text = input("Hello!", "Message")
runtime.log(i_text)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const int/float/bool/string/color or source-type built-ins) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's float settings/input float label page, from which the script user can change it.close、hlc3And so on and so forth.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.

NotesThe return value of the input function should always be assigned to the variable; see example above.

See you later input.bool input.color input.int input.float input.string input.timeframe input.source

input.source

Adding input to the input label page of the script settings, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This feature adds a drop-down menu that allows the user to select a computation source, such as close, hl2, etc. If the script contains only one input.source call, the user can also select the output of another indicator on the chart as the source.

input.source(defval, title, tooltip, inline, group)

Examples

i_src = input.source(close, "Source")
plot(i_src)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(series int/float) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's array settings/input array label page, from which the user can change it.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.

Notes input.source函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.int input.float input.string input.timeframe input.color input

input.string

Adding input to the input options tab of the script setting, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds a string input field to the input of the script.

input.string(defval, title, options, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

Examples

i_text = input.string("Hello!", "Message")
runtime.log(i_text)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const string) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the user can change it.optionsWhen the arguments are used together, the value must be one of them.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• options(List of constants: [...]) List of options to choose from.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.string函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.int input.float input.timeframe input.source input.color input

input.bool

Adding input to the Input Tag page of the script settings, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds a check mark to the script input.

input.bool(defval, title, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

Examples

i_switch = input.bool(true, "On/Off")
plot(i_switch ? open : na)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const bool) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the user can change it.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.bool函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.int input.float input.string input.timeframe input.source input.color input

input.int

Add input to the input label page of the script setting, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds an integer input field to the input of the script.

input.int(defval, title, minval, maxval, step, tooltip, inline, group, confirm) 

input.int(defval, title, options, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

Examples

i_len1 = input.int(10, "Length 1", minval=5, maxval=21, step=1)
plot(ta.sma(close, i_len1))

i_len2 = input.int(10, "Length 2", options=[5, 10, 21])
plot(ta.sma(close, i_len2))

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const int) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the script user can change it.optionsWhen the arguments are used together, the value must be one of them.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• minval(const int) Minimum possible value of the input variable. Optional.
• maxval(const int) The maximum possible value of the input variable. Optional.
• step(const int) is used to increase/decrease the input step length. Optional. Default is 1
• options(tuple of const int values: [val1, val2,...]) A list of options selected from the drop-down menu, separated by commas and encapsulated in square brackets: [val1, val2,...];; cannot be used when using this parameterminval、maxvalandstepParameters are.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.int函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.float input.string input.timeframe input.source input.color input

input.float

Adding input to the input label page of the script setting, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds floating point input fields to the input of the script.

input.float(defval, title, minval, maxval, step, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

input.float(defval, title, options, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

Examples

i_angle1 = input.float(0.5, "Sin Angle", minval=-3.14, maxval=3.14, step=0.02)
plot(math.sin(i_angle1) > 0 ? close : open, "sin", color=color.green)

i_angle2 = input.float(0, "Cos Angle", options=[-3.14, -1.57, 0, 1.57, 3.14])
plot(math.cos(i_angle2) > 0 ? close : open, "cos", color=color.red)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const int/float) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the script user can change it.optionsWhen the arguments are used together, the value must be one of them.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• minval(const int/float) Minimum possible value of the input variable. Optional.
• maxval(const int/float) The maximum possible value of the input variable. Optional.
• step(const int/float) is used to increase/decrease the input step length. Optional. Default is 1
• options(tuple of const int/float values: [val1, val2,...]) A list of options selected from the drop-down menu, separated by commas and encapsulated in square brackets: [val1, val2,...];; cannot be used when using this parameterminval、maxvalandstepParameters are.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.float函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.int input.string input.timeframe input.source input.color input

input.color

Input is added to the input label page of the script settings, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds a color selector, allowing the user to select colors and transparency from the color palette or the hexadecimal.

input.color(defval, title, tooltip, inline, group, confirm) 

Examples

i_col = input.color(color.red, "Plot Color")
plot(close, color=i_col)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const color) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the user can change it.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.color函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.int input.float input.string input.timeframe input.source input

input.price

Use the price input to add to the scripts of the tab setting/input tab tag page.confirm = trueActivate the interactive input mode and select the price by clicking on the chart.

input.price(defval, title, tooltip, inline, group, confirm) 

Examples

price1 = input.price(title="Date", defval=42)
plot(price1)

price2 = input.price(54, title="Date")
plot(price2)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const int/float) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const settings/input const label page, from which the user can change it.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, enable interactive input mode and complete the selection by clicking on the chart when the indicator is added to the chart, or complete the selection by selecting the indicator and then moving the selection. Optional. Default is false.

NotesWhen using the interaction mode, if two functions are called against each otherinlineThe same parameters can be used to combine the time input with the price input.

See you later input.bool input.int input.float input.string input.resolution input.source input.color input

input.timeframe

Adding input to the input label page of the script settings, which allows you to provide configuration options to the script user. This function adds a drop-down list that allows the user to select a specific time period via the time period selector and return it as a string. The selector includes custom time periods that the user may add to the drop-down menu using the time period of the chart.

input.timeframe(defval, title, options, tooltip, inline, group, confirm)

Examples

i_res = input.timeframe('D', "Resolution", options=['D', 'W', 'M'])
s = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, i_res, close)
plot(s)

Returns the valueEnter the value of the variable

Parameters

• defval(const string) Determines the default value of the input variable suggested in the script's const setting/input const label page, from which the user can change it.optionsWhen the arguments are used together, the value must be one of them.
• title(const string) Input title. If not specified, the variable name is used as the input title. If the title is specified, but the title is empty, the name is an empty string.
• options(tuple of const string values: [val1, val2,...]) List of options that can be selected.
• tooltip(const string) This string will be displayed to the user when the mouse hangs over the tooltip icon.
• inline(const string) Combines all input calls using the same parameter in one line. It does not display the string used as the parameter. It is only used to identify inputs belonging to the same line.
• group(const string) Create a header above all inputs using the same set parameter string. The string is also used as the text of the header.
• confirm(const bool) If true, the user is asked to confirm the input value before adding the indicator to the chart. The default is false.

Notes input.timeframe函数的结果总是应该分配给一个变量，见上面的例子。

See you later input.bool input.int input.float input.string input.source input.color input

input.integer

Not yet

input.resolution

Not yet

ta

ta.alma

Arnaud Legoux Moving Average. It uses the Gaussian distribution as a weight for the moving average.

ta.alma(series, length, offset, sigma) 

ta.alma(series, length, offset, sigma, floor) 

Examples

plot(ta.alma(close, 9, 0.85, 6))

// same on pine, but much less efficient
pine_alma(series, windowsize, offset, sigma) =>
    m = offset * (windowsize - 1)
    //m = math.floor(offset * (windowsize - 1)) // Used as m when math.floor=true
    s = windowsize / sigma
    norm = 0.0
    sum = 0.0
    for i = 0 to windowsize - 1
        weight = math.exp(-1 * math.pow(i - m, 2) / (2 * math.pow(s, 2)))
        norm := norm + weight
        sum := sum + series[windowsize - i - 1] * weight
    sum / norm
plot(pine_alma(close, 9, 0.85, 6))

Returns the valueArnaud Legoux moving average

Parameters

• series(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).
• offset(simple int/float) Controls the trade-off between smoothness (approximately 1) and responsiveness (approximately 0).
• sigma(simple int/float) changes the smoothness of ALMA. The larger the Sigma, the smoother the ALMA.
• floor(simple bool) Optional parameter. Specify whether the deflection is calculated as a lower bound before calculating ALMA. Default is false.

See you later ta.sma ta.ema ta.rma ta.wma ta.vwma ta.swma

ta.sma

The sma function returns the moving average, the last y value of x, divided by y.

ta.sma(source, length) 

Examples

plot(ta.sma(close, 15))

// same on pine, but much less efficient
pine_sma(x, y) =>
    sum = 0.0
    for i = 0 to y - 1
        sum := sum + x[i] / y
    sum
plot(pine_sma(close, 15))

Returns the value lengthThe K line returnssourceThe simple moving average of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean of the mean.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.ema ta.rma ta.wma ta.vwma ta.swma ta.alma

ta.cog

The cog is an indicator based on statistics and the Fibonacci Golden Ratio.

ta.cog(source, length) 

Examples

plot(ta.cog(close, 10))

// the same on pine
pine_cog(source, length) =>
    sum = math.sum(source, length)
    num = 0.0
    for i = 0 to length - 1
        price = source[i]
        num := num + price * (i + 1)
    -num / sum

plot(pine_cog(close, 10))

Returns the valueFocus

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.stoch

ta.dev

衡量系列与其ta.sma之间的差异

ta.dev(source, length) 

Examples

plot(ta.dev(close, 10))

// the same on pine
pine_dev(source, length) =>
    mean = ta.sma(source, length)
    sum = 0.0
    for i = 0 to length - 1
        val = source[i]
        sum := sum + math.abs(val - mean)
    dev = sum/length
plot(pine_dev(close, 10))

Returns the value lengthThe K line returnssourceI'm not going to say anything.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.variance ta.stdev

ta.stdev

ta.stdev(source, length, biased) 

Examples

plot(ta.stdev(close, 5))

//the same on pine
isZero(val, eps) => math.abs(val) <= eps

SUM(fst, snd) =>
    EPS = 1e-10
    res = fst + snd
    if isZero(res, EPS)
        res := 0
    else
        if not isZero(res, 1e-4)
            res := res
        else
            15

pine_stdev(src, length) =>
    avg = ta.sma(src, length)
    sumOfSquareDeviations = 0.0
    for i = 0 to length - 1
        sum = SUM(src[i], -avg)
        sumOfSquareDeviations := sumOfSquareDeviations + sum * sum

    stdev = math.sqrt(sumOfSquareDeviations / length)
plot(pine_stdev(close, 5))

Returns the valueStandard deviation

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).
• biased(series bool) Determines which estimate should be used. Optional. Default is true.

NotesWhat ifbiasedIf true, the function will calculate using biased estimates of the total, if false - biased estimates of the sample.

See you later ta.dev ta.variance

ta.ema

The ema function returns an index-weighted moving average. In ema, the weighting factor is exponentially decreasing. It is calculated using the following formula: EMA = alpha * source + (1 - alpha) * EMA,[1] where alpha = 2 / (length + 1) ;

ta.ema(source, length) 

Examples

plot(ta.ema(close, 15))

//the same on pine
pine_ema(src, length) =>
    alpha = 2 / (length + 1)
    sum = 0.0
    sum := na(sum[1]) ? src : alpha * src + (1 - alpha) * nz(sum[1])
plot(pine_ema(close,15))

Returns the value sourceThe index of the moving average, alpha = 2 / (length + 1) ー

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(simple int) K number of lines (length).

NotesPlease note that using this variable/function may result in a redrawing of the indicator.

See you later ta.sma ta.rma ta.wma ta.vwma ta.swma ta.alma

ta.wma

The wma function returnslengthK-linesourceIn wma, the weighting factor is decreased by the arithmetic mean.

ta.wma(source, length) 

Examples

plot(ta.wma(close, 15))

// same on pine, but much less efficient
pine_wma(x, y) =>
    norm = 0.0
    sum = 0.0
    for i = 0 to y - 1
        weight = (y - i) * y
        norm := norm + weight
        sum := sum + x[i] * weight
    sum / norm
plot(pine_wma(close, 15))

Returns the value lengthThe K line returnssourceThe weighted moving average.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.sma ta.ema ta.rma ta.vwma ta.swma ta.alma

ta.swma

A symmetrical weighted moving average with a fixed length:4. Weight: [1/6,2 / 6,2 / 6,1 / 6].

ta.swma(source)

Examples

plot(ta.swma(close))

// same on pine, but less efficient
pine_swma(x) =>
    x[3] * 1 / 6 + x[2] * 2 / 6 + x[1] * 2 / 6 + x[0] * 1 / 6
plot(pine_swma(close))

Returns the valueSymmetrical weighted moving averages.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) Source series.

See you later ta.sma ta.ema ta.rma ta.wma ta.vwma ta.alma

ta.hma

The hma function returns the moving average HMA of the hull.

ta.hma(source, length)

Examples

src = input(defval=close, title="Source")
length = input(defval=9, title="Length")
hmaBuildIn = ta.hma(src, length)
plot(hmaBuildIn, title="Hull MA", color=#674EA7)

Returns the valueReturns the Hull Moving Average of the Hull length of the Hull column.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(simple int) K number of lines

See you later ta.ema ta.rma ta.wma ta.vwma ta.sma

ta.rma

The moving average used in the RSI. It is an index-weighted moving average, with alpha plus weight = 1/length.

ta.rma(source, length)

Examples

plot(ta.rma(close, 15))

//the same on pine
pine_rma(src, length) =>
  alpha = 1/length
  sum = 0.0
  sum := na(sum[1]) ? ta.sma(src, length) : alpha * src + (1 - alpha) * nz(sum[1])
plot(pine_rma(close, 15))

Returns the value sourceThe index of the moving average, alpha = 1 /length。

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(simple int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.sma ta.ema ta.wma ta.vwma ta.swma ta.alma ta.rsi

ta.rsi

Relative intensity index. It is used in the lastlengthK-linesourceThe upward and downward changesta.rma()I'm not going to lie.

ta.rsi(source, length)

Examples

plot(ta.rsi(close, 7))

// same on pine, but less efficient
pine_rsi(x, y) => 
    u = math.max(x - x[1], 0) // upward ta.change
    d = math.max(x[1] - x, 0) // downward ta.change
    rs = ta.rma(u, y) / ta.rma(d, y)
    res = 100 - 100 / (1 + rs)
    res

plot(pine_rsi(close, 7))

Returns the valueRelative strength and weakness (RSI)

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(simple int) K number of lines (length).

See you later ta.rma

ta.tsi

The true strength and weakness index. It uses the moving average of the potential movements of financial instruments.

ta.tsi(source, short_length, long_length)

Returns the valueTrue strength and weakness index. Values in the range [-1,1].

Parameters

• source(series int/float) Source series.
• short_length(simple int) Short length.
• long_length(simple int) The length of the long string.

ta.roc

The function roc ((rate of change)) showssourceThe current value ofsourceA few days agolengthThe difference between the values. It is calculated by the following formula: 100 * change (src, length) / src (length).

ta.roc(source, length)

Returns the value lengthThe K line returnssourceThe rate of change in the number of people in the country is very high.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

ta.range

Returns the difference between the minimum and maximum values in the sequence.

ta.range(source, length)

Returns the valueThe difference between the minimum and maximum values in the sequence.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

ta.macd

The MACD (smooth asymmetric averages) is supposed to reveal the strength, direction, momentum and duration of changes in stock price trends.

ta.macd(source, fastlen, slowlen, siglen) 

Examples

[macdLine, signalLine, histLine] = ta.macd(close, 12, 26, 9)
plot(macdLine, color=color.blue)
plot(signalLine, color=color.orange)
plot(histLine, color=color.red, style=plot.style_histogram)

If you only need one value, use a placeholder symbol like this:

Examples

[_, signalLine, _] = ta.macd(close, 12, 26, 9)
plot(signalLine, color=color.orange)

Returns the valueThe three components of the MACD series are: MACD line, signal line, and rectangular line.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• fastlen(simple int) The shortcut parameter
• slowlen(simple int) Slow length parameter.
• siglen(simple int) Signal length parameter

See you later ta.sma ta.ema

ta.mode

Returns the pattern of the sequence. Returns the minimum value if there are multiple values of the same frequency.

ta.mode(source, length)

Returns the valueThe pattern of the sequence.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

ta.median

Returns the median of the sequence.

ta.median(source, length) 

Returns the valueThe median of the sequence.

Parameters

• source(series int/float) The series value to be executed.
• length(series int) K number of lines (length).

ta.linreg

A linear regression curve ─ a line that most closely matches the specified price within a user-defined time interval ─ is calculated using the least binary multiplication ─ the result of this function is calculated using the following formula: linreg = intercept + slope * (length - 1 - offset), where intercept and slope are used.sourceThe value of the smallest binary multiplication of the series.

ta.linreg(source, length, offset) 

Returns the valueLinear regression curve

Parameters

• source(series int/float) Source series.
• length (series int)
• offset(simple int) shift

ta.bb

Brainstorming is a technical analysis tool defined by a set of lines that are spaced along two standard deviations (positive and negative) from the simple moving average (SMA) of a security's price, but can be adjusted according to user preference.

ta.bb(series, length, mult) 

Examples

[middle, upper, lower] = ta.bb(close, 5, 4)
plot(middle, color=color.yellow)
plot(upper, color=color.yellow)
plot(lower, color=color.yellow)

// the same on pine
f_bb(src, length, mult) =>
    float basis = ta.sma(src, length)
    float dev = mult * ta.stdev(src, length)
    [basis, basis + dev, basis - dev]

[pineMiddle, pineUpper, pineLower] = f_bb(close, 5, 4)

plot(pineMiddle)
plot(pineUpper)
plot(pineLower)

Returns the valueI'm not sure what to do.

Parameters

• series(series int/float) Sequence to run

More