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Stratégie de négociation à dynamique moyenne mobile sur plusieurs délais

Auteur:ChaoZhang est là., Date: 2023-11-06 16:04:46 Je suis désolé
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Résumé

Cette stratégie de trading combine plusieurs moyennes mobiles et indicateurs de dynamique pour identifier la direction et la force des tendances, établir des positions tôt dans les tendances émergentes, puis optimiser la gestion des bénéfices et des risques grâce à l'utilisation de trailing stops et de take profits.

La logique de la stratégie

Deux ensembles de moyennes mobiles avec des paramètres différents sont construits pour créer des lignes rapides et lentes:
- La ligne rapide est constituée d'une EMA à 5 périodes et d'une WMA à 25 périodes, représentant une tendance à court terme.
- La ligne lente se compose d'une EMA de 28 périodes et d'une WMA de 72 périodes, représentant une tendance à moyen et à long terme.
Lorsque la ligne rapide traverse la ligne lente, elle indique que la tendance à court terme gagne en force par rapport à la tendance à moyen terme et présente un signal d'entrée.
Filtre RSI intégré, ne prenant que les entrées aux plus bas du RSI (pour les longs) et aux plus hauts du RSI (pour les courts) pour éviter de fausses ruptures.
Une fois entré, le trailing stop est utilisé pour minimiser les pertes, tandis que le take profit bloque les gains.
Lorsque la ligne rapide traverse la ligne lente, elle indique un renversement de tendance, ce qui entraîne une sortie via stop loss ou take profit.

Analyse des avantages

Les combinaisons de moyennes mobiles doubles filtrent le bruit et identifient la direction et la force de la tendance pendant la progression de la tendance.
Les entrées établies à un stade précoce dans les tendances émergentes évitent des pertes inutiles dues à de fausses ruptures.
Le filtre RSI améliore la qualité des entrées.
L'arrêt de trail comprime les pertes des transactions individuelles perdantes.
Prendre profit permet de capturer des bénéfices considérables lors de mouvements favorables.

Analyse des risques

Les moyennes mobiles doubles peuvent retarder les points tournants, manquant des opportunités d'inversion.
- Réduire les périodes de moyenne mobile pour une plus grande sensibilité.
Les fausses fuites conduisent à des entrées inutiles.
- Incorporer plus de filtres avant l'entrée.
Les distances stop loss/take profit ne sont pas optimisées, elles peuvent être trop larges ou trop étroites.
- Optimiser par backtest pour trouver des niveaux optimaux.
La stratégie directionnelle ne fonctionne que pour les marchés en tendance.
- Utilisez uniquement une stratégie basée sur les conditions du marché.

Directions d'optimisation

Optimiser les paramètres de moyenne mobile pour trouver les meilleures représentations de tendance.
Ajouter des filtres de tendance tels que l'arrêt dynamique ATR, les oscillateurs de momentum, etc.
Optimiser les paramètres stop loss / take profit.
Incorporer des filtres de régime basés sur les conditions du marché.
Ajoutez une analyse transversale des délais en utilisant des délais plus longs pour orienter la stratégie à court terme.

Résumé

Cette stratégie intègre des moyennes mobiles et des indicateurs de dynamique pour identifier et établir des entrées précoces pendant les tendances émergentes, tout en gérant les risques et les récompenses via des arrêts opportuns et des bénéfices. Bien qu'une optimisation supplémentaire des paramètres et de la logique soit nécessaire pour s'adapter aux conditions du marché plus larges, elle dispose déjà d'un cadre de base et d'une direction pour capturer les tendances à moyen et long terme. Avec des améliorations continues, cette stratégie peut éventuellement devenir un système de suivi des tendances robuste et efficace.

/*backtest
start: 2023-10-06 00:00:00
end: 2023-11-05 00:00:00
period: 1h
basePeriod: 15m
exchanges: [{"eid":"Futures_Binance","currency":"BTC_USDT"}]
*/

//@version=3
strategy(title="[WAI GUA]", shorttitle="[EOS] 1.0", overlay=true)

//study(title="[WAI GUA]", shorttitle="[EOS] 1.0", overlay=true)



//
// Use Alternate Anchor TF for MAs 
uRenko    = input(true, title="IS This a RENKO Chart")
//
anchor     = input(0,minval=0,maxval=1440,title="Alternate TimeFrame Multiplier (0=none)")
//
src          = close //input(close, title="EMA Source")
showRibbons  = input(false,title="Show Coloured MA Ribbons")
showAvgs     = input(false,title="Show Ribbon Median MA Lines")

//
// Fast Ribbon MAs
// Lower MA - type, length
typeF1    = input(defval="EMA", title="FAST MA Ribbon Type: ", options=["SMA", "EMA", "WMA", "VWMA", "SMMA", "DEMA", "TEMA", "LAGMA", "HullMA", "ZEMA", "TMA", "SSMA"])
lenF1     = input(defval=5, title="FAST Ribbon Lower MA Length", minval=1)
gammaF1   = 0.33 //input(defval=0.33,title="Fast MA - Gamma for LAGMA")

// Upper MA - type, length
typeF11   = typeF1 //input(defval="WMA", title="FAST Ribbon Upper MA Type: ", options=["SMA", "EMA", "WMA", "VWMA", "SMMA", "DEMA", "TEMA", "LAGMA", "HullMA", "ZEMA", "TMA", "SSMA"])
lenF11    = input(defval=25, title="FAST Ribbon Upper Length", minval=2)
gammaF11  = 0.77 //input(defval=0.77,title="Slow MA - Gamma for LAGMA")

// Slow Ribbon MAs
// Lower MA - type, length
typeS1   = input(defval="EMA", title="SLOW MA Ribbon Type: ", options=["SMA", "EMA", "WMA", "VWMA", "SMMA", "DEMA", "TEMA", "LAGMA", "HullMA", "ZEMA", "TMA", "SSMA"])
lenS1    = input(defval=28, title="SLOW Ribbon Lower MA Length", minval=1)
gammaS1  = 0.33 //input(defval=0.33,title="Fast MA - Gamma for LAGMA")

// Upper MA - type, length
typeS16   = typeS1 //input(defval="WMA", title="SLOW Ribbon Upper MA Type: ", options=["SMA", "EMA", "WMA", "VWMA", "SMMA", "DEMA", "TEMA", "LAGMA", "HullMA", "ZEMA", "TMA", "SSMA"])
lenS16    = input(defval=72, title="SLOW Ribbon Upper Length", minval=2)
gammaS16  = 0.77 //input(defval=0.77,title="Slow MA - Gamma for LAGMA")

// - Constants
gold = #FFD700

// - FUNCTIONS
// - variant(type, src, len, gamma)
// 返回MA输入选择变量，默认为SMA，如果空白或键入。

// SuperSmoother filter
variant_supersmoother(src,len) =>
    a1 = exp(-1.414*3.14159 / len)
    b1 = 2*a1*cos(1.414*3.14159 / len)
    c2 = b1
    c3 = (-a1)*a1
    c1 = 1 - c2 - c3
    v9 = 0.0
    v9 := c1*(src + nz(src[1])) / 2 + c2*nz(v9[1]) + c3*nz(v9[2])
    v9
    
variant_smoothed(src,len) =>
    v5 = 0.0
    v5 := na(v5[1]) ? sma(src, len) : (v5[1] * (len - 1) + src) / len
    v5

variant_zerolagema(src,len) =>
    ema1 = ema(src, len)
    ema2 = ema(ema1, len)
    v10 = ema1+(ema1-ema2)
    v10
    
variant_doubleema(src,len) =>
    v2 = ema(src, len)
    v6 = 2 * v2 - ema(v2, len)
    v6

variant_tripleema(src,len) =>
    v2 = ema(src, len)
    v7 = 3 * (v2 - ema(v2, len)) + ema(ema(v2, len), len)               // Triple Exponential
    v7
    
//calc Laguerre
variant_lag(p,g) =>
    L0 = 0.0
    L1 = 0.0
    L2 = 0.0
    L3 = 0.0
    L0 := (1 - g)*p+g*nz(L0[1])
    L1 := -g*L0+nz(L0[1])+g*nz(L1[1])
    L2 := -g*L1+nz(L1[1])+g*nz(L2[1])
    L3 := -g*L2+nz(L2[1])+g*nz(L3[1])
    f = (L0 + 2*L1 + 2*L2 + L3)/6
    f

// return variant, defaults to SMA 
variant(type, src, len, g) =>
    type=="EMA"     ? ema(src,len) : 
      type=="WMA"   ? wma(src,len): 
      type=="VWMA"  ? vwma(src,len) : 
      type=="SMMA"  ? variant_smoothed(src,len) : 
      type=="DEMA"  ? variant_doubleema(src,len): 
      type=="TEMA"  ? variant_tripleema(src,len): 
      type=="LAGMA" ? variant_lag(src,g) :
      type=="HullMA"? wma(2 * wma(src, len / 2) - wma(src, len), round(sqrt(len))) :
      type=="SSMA"  ? variant_supersmoother(src,len) : 
      type=="ZEMA"  ? variant_zerolagema(src,len) : 
      type=="TMA"   ? sma(sma(src,len),len) : 
                      sma(src,len)

// - /variant 

// If have anchor specified, calculate the base multiplier.
//mult  = isintraday ? anchor==0 or interval<=0 or interval>=anchor or anchor>1440? 1 : round(anchor/interval) : 1
//mult := isdwm?  1 : mult  // Only available Daily or less
mult = anchor>0 ? anchor : 1 

//
high_  = uRenko? max(close,open) : high
low_   = uRenko? min(close,open) : low


//用锚乘器调整MA长度

//Fast MA Ribbon
emaF1 = variant(typeF1, src, lenF1*mult, gammaF1)
emaF11 = variant(typeF11, src, lenF11*mult,gammaF11)
emafast = (emaF1+emaF11)/2 // Average of Upper and Lower MAs
//
//Slow MA Ribbon
emaS1 = variant(typeS1,src, lenS1*mult,gammaS1)
emaS16 = variant(typeS16, src, lenS16*mult, gammaS16)
emaslow = (emaS1+emaS16)/2 // Average of Upper and Lower MAs
//
// Count crossover candles
xup = 0
xdn = 0
fup = 0
fdn = 0
sup = 0
sdn = 0
// 
xup := (emafast-emaslow)>0 and (emafast-emaslow)>(emafast[1]-emaslow[1]) ? nz(xup[1])+1 : 0
xdn := (emafast-emaslow)<0 and (emafast-emaslow)<(emafast[1]-emaslow[1]) ? nz(xdn[1])+1 : 0
fup := (emaF1-emaF11)>0 and (emaF1-emaF11)>(emaF1[1]-emaF11[1]) ? nz(fup[1])+1 : 0
fdn := (emaF1-emaF11)<0 and (emaF1-emaF11)<(emaF1[1]-emaF11[1]) ? nz(fdn[1])+1 : 0
sup := (emaS1-emaS16)>0 and (emaS1-emaS16)>(emaS1[1]-emaS16[1]) ? nz(sup[1])+1 : 0
sdn := (emaS1-emaS16)<0 and (emaS1-emaS16)<(emaS1[1]-emaS16[1]) ? nz(sdn[1])+1 : 0

//Fast EMA Final Color Rules
colFinal = fup>=2 ? aqua : fdn>=2 ? blue : gray
//Slow EMA Final Color Rules
colFinal2 = sup>=2 ? lime : sdn>=2 ? red : gray

//Fast EMA Plots
p1=plot(showRibbons?emaF1:na, title="Fast Ribbon Lower MA", style=line, linewidth=1, color=colFinal,transp=10)
p2=plot(showRibbons?emaF11:na, title="Fast Ribbon Upper MA", style=line, linewidth=1, color=colFinal,transp=10)
plot(showAvgs?emafast:na, title="Fast Ribbon Avg MA", style=circles,join=true, linewidth=1, color=gold,transp=10)

//
//fill(p1,p2,color=colFinal, transp=90)

//Slow EMA Plots
p3=plot(showRibbons?emaS1:na, title="Slow Ribbon Lower MA", style=line, linewidth=1, color=colFinal2,transp=10)
p4=plot(showRibbons?emaS16:na, title="Slow Ribbon Upper MA", style=line, linewidth=1, color=colFinal2,transp=10)
plot(showAvgs?emaslow:na, title="Slow Ribbon Avg MA", style=circles,join=true, linewidth=1, color=fuchsia,transp=10)
//
//fill(p3,p4, color=colFinal2, transp=90)

// Generate Buy Sell signals, 
buy = 0
sell=0
//
buy  := xup>=2 and sup>=2 and fup>=2 ? nz(buy[1])>0?buy[1]+1  :1 : 0
sell := xdn>=2 and sdn>=2 and fdn>=2 ? nz(sell[1])>0?sell[1]+1 :1 : 0

////////////////////////
//* 反测试周期选择器 *//
////////////////////////

testStartYear = input(2018, "Backtest Start Year",minval=1980)
testStartMonth = input(1, "Backtest Start Month",minval=1,maxval=12)
testStartDay = input(1, "Backtest Start Day",minval=1,maxval=31)
testPeriodStart = timestamp(testStartYear,testStartMonth,testStartDay,0,0)

testStopYear = 9999 //input(9999, "Backtest Stop Year",minval=1980)
testStopMonth = 12 // input(12, "Backtest Stop Month",minval=1,maxval=12)
testStopDay = 31 //input(31, "Backtest Stop Day",minval=1,maxval=31)
testPeriodStop = timestamp(testStopYear,testStopMonth,testStopDay,0,0)

testPeriod() => time >= testPeriodStart and time <= testPeriodStop ? true : false


///////////////
//* RSI策略 *//
///////////////

//指示器 1
lowerpc = lowest(low, 21)
upperpc = highest(high, 21)
midpc = avg(upperpc, lowerpc)

//指示器 2
ma = sma(close, 50)
petd = ema(close,13)
rangema = ema(tr, 50)
upperkc = ma + rangema * 0.25
lowerkc = ma - rangema * 0.25

//指示器 3
up = rma(max(change(close), 0), 5)
down = rma(-min(change(close), 0), 5)
rsi = down == 0 ? 100 : up == 0 ? 0 : 100 - (100 / (1 + up / down))

// PET-D
petdcolor = close > petd ? green : red
barcolor (petdcolor)


//Slope
SlopeL = midpc > midpc[5]
SlopeS = midpc < midpc[5]

//条件
CL = SlopeL == 1 and close > lowerkc and close < midpc and rsi < 35 
CS = SlopeS == 1 and close < upperkc and close > midpc and rsi > 65 

//Setup
RsiSL = CL == 1 and CL[1] != 1
RsiSS = CS == 1 and CS[1] != 1

/////////////////////
//* RSA抛物线指标 *//
/////////////////////
start = input(0.02)
increment = input(0.02)
maximum = input(0.2)

psar = sar(start, increment, maximum)

RSALE = false
RSASE = false
if (psar > high)
    RSALE = true
else
    RSALE = false

if (psar < low)
    RSASE = true
else
    RSASE = false


////////////////
//* 策略组件 *//
////////////////

AQUA = #00FFFFFF
BLUE = #0000FFFF
RED  = #FF0000FF
LIME = #00FF00FF
GRAY = #808080FF
DARKRED   = #8B0000FF
DARKGREEN = #006400FF
//
fastExit  = input(false,title="Use Opposite Trade as a Close Signal")
clrBars   = input(true,title="Colour Candles to Trade Order state")
orderType = input("Longs+Shorts",title="What type of Orders", options=["Longs+Shorts","LongsOnly","ShortsOnly","Flip"])
//
isLong   = (orderType != "ShortsOnly")
isShort  = (orderType != "LongsOnly")

//////////////////////////
//* 贸易状态引擎 *//
//////////////////////////

// 追踪当前贸易状态
longClose = false, longClose := nz(longClose[1],false)
shortClose = false, shortClose := nz(shortClose[1],false)
tradeState = 0, tradeState := nz(tradeState[1])
tradeState := tradeState==0 ?   buy==1 and (barstate.isconfirmed or barstate.ishistory) and isLong and not longClose and not shortClose? 1 :
                               sell==1  and (barstate.isconfirmed or barstate.ishistory) and isShort and not longClose and not shortClose? -1 : 
                          tradeState : tradeState
                          
////////////////////////////////////
//* 在这里设置入口和特殊出口条件 *//
////////////////////////////////////

//进入状态，当状态改变方向时。
longCondition  = false
shortCondition = false
//longCondition  := longCondition != true ? change(tradeState) and tradeState==1 : true
//shortCondition := shortCondition != true ? change(tradeState) and tradeState==-1 : true
longCondition  := change(tradeState) and tradeState==1
shortCondition := change(tradeState) and tradeState==-1
if orderType=="Flip"
    temp = longCondition
    longCondition  := shortCondition
    shortCondition := temp
//end if

// 卖出信号退出
longExitC  =  (emafast[1]<emaslow[1] and open<emaslow[1]) ? 1 : 0
shortExitC = (emafast[1]>emaslow[1] and open>emaslow[1]) ? 1 : 0

// change退出条件。
longExit = change(longExitC) and longExitC==1 and tradeState==1
shortExit = change(shortExitC) and shortExitC==1 and tradeState==-1

// -- debugs
//plotchar(tradeState,"tradeState at Event",location=location.bottom, color=#FF0000FF)
//plotchar(longCondition, title="longCondition",color=#FF0000FF)
//plotchar(shortCondition, title="shortCondition",color=#FF0000FF)
//plotchar(tradeState, title="tradeState",color=#006400FF)
// -- /debugs

////////////////////////////////
//======[ 交易入门价格 ]======//
////////////////////////////////

last_open_longCondition = na
last_open_shortCondition = na
last_open_longCondition := longCondition ? close : nz(last_open_longCondition[1])
last_open_shortCondition := shortCondition ? close : nz(last_open_shortCondition[1])

////////////////////////////
//======[ 位置状态 ]======//
////////////////////////////

in_longCondition  = tradeState == 1 
in_shortCondition = tradeState == -1

////////////////////////
//======[ 尾停 ]======//
////////////////////////

isTS = input(true, "Trailing Stop")
ts = input(3.0, "Trailing Stop (%)", minval=0,step=0.1, type=float) /100

last_high = na
last_low = na
last_high_short = na
last_low_long = na
last_high := not in_longCondition ? na : in_longCondition and (na(last_high[1]) or high_ > nz(last_high[1])) ? high_ : nz(last_high[1])
last_high_short := not in_shortCondition ? na : in_shortCondition and (na(last_high[1]) or high_ > nz(last_high[1])) ? high_ : nz(last_high[1])
last_low := not in_shortCondition ? na : in_shortCondition and (na(last_low[1]) or low_ < nz(last_low[1])) ? low_ : nz(last_low[1])
last_low_long := not in_longCondition ? na : in_longCondition and (na(last_low[1]) or low_ < nz(last_low[1])) ? low_ : nz(last_low[1])

long_ts =  isTS and in_longCondition and not na(last_high) and (low_ <= last_high - last_high * ts) //and (last_high >= last_open_longCondition + last_open_longCondition * tsi)
short_ts = isTS and in_shortCondition and not na(last_low) and (high_ >= last_low + last_low * ts) //and (last_low <= last_open_shortCondition - last_open_shortCondition * tsi)


////////////////////////
//======[ 获利 ]======//
////////////////////////

isTP = input(true, "Take Profit")
tp = input(3.0, "Take Profit (%)",minval=0,step=0.1,type=float) / 100
ttp = input(1.0, "Trailing Profit (%)",minval=0,step=0.1,type=float) / 100
ttp := ttp>tp ? tp : ttp

long_tp =  isTP and in_longCondition  and (last_high >= last_open_longCondition + last_open_longCondition * tp)   and (low_ <= last_high - last_high * ttp)
short_tp = isTP and in_shortCondition and (last_low <= last_open_shortCondition - last_open_shortCondition * tp) and (high_ >= last_low + last_low * ttp)

////////////////////////////
//======[ 停止损耗 ]======//
////////////////////////////

isSL = input(false, "Stop Loss")
sl = input(3.0, "Stop Loss (%)", minval=0,step=0.1, type=float) / 100
long_sl =  isSL and in_longCondition and (low_ <= last_open_longCondition - last_open_longCondition * sl)
short_sl = isSL and in_shortCondition and (high_ >= last_open_shortCondition + last_open_shortCondition * sl)

////////////////////////
//======[ 对峙 ]======//
////////////////////////

//注：短出口信号不重漆，无需用力，如果锥体继续进行。
long_sos = (fastExit or (not isTS and not isSL)) and longExit and in_longCondition
short_sos = (fastExit or (not isTS and not isSL)) and shortExit and in_shortCondition 

////////////////////////////
//======[ 关闭信号 ]======//
////////////////////////////

// 为所有不同的关闭条件创建一个单独的关闭，这里的所有条件都不重漆。
longClose :=  isLong and (long_tp or long_sl or long_ts or long_sos) and not longCondition
shortClose := isShort and (short_tp or short_sl or short_ts or short_sos) and not shortCondition
////////////////////////////
//======[ 情节色彩 ]======//
////////////////////////////

longCloseCol = na
shortCloseCol = na
longCloseCol := long_tp ? green : long_sl ? maroon : long_ts ? purple : long_sos ? orange :longCloseCol[1]
shortCloseCol := short_tp ? green : short_sl ? maroon : short_ts ? purple : short_sos ? orange : shortCloseCol[1]
//
tpColor = isTP and in_longCondition ? lime : isTP and in_shortCondition ? lime : na
slColor = isSL and in_longCondition ? red : isSL and in_shortCondition ? red : na


//////////////////////////////////
//======[ 策略图 ]======//
//////////////////////////////////

plot(isTS and in_longCondition?
     last_high - last_high * ts : na, "Long Trailing", fuchsia, style=2, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isTP and in_longCondition and last_high < last_open_longCondition + last_open_longCondition * tp ? 
     last_open_longCondition + last_open_longCondition * tp : na, "Long TP Active", tpColor, style=3,join=false, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isTP and in_longCondition and last_high >= last_open_longCondition +  last_open_longCondition * tp ? 
     last_high - last_high * ttp : na, "Long Trailing", black, style=2, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isSL and in_longCondition and last_low_long > last_open_longCondition - last_open_longCondition * sl ? 
     last_open_longCondition - last_open_longCondition * sl : na, "Long SL", slColor, style=3,join=false, linewidth=2,offset=1)

plot(isTS and in_shortCondition?
     last_low + last_low * ts : na, "Short Trailing", fuchsia, style=2, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isTP and in_shortCondition and last_low > last_open_shortCondition - last_open_shortCondition * tp ? 
     last_open_shortCondition - last_open_shortCondition * tp : na, "Short TP Active", tpColor, style=3,join=false, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isTP and in_shortCondition and last_low <= last_open_shortCondition -  last_open_shortCondition * tp ? 
     last_low + last_low * ttp : na, "Short Trailing", black, style=2, linewidth=2,offset=1)
plot(isSL and in_shortCondition and last_high_short < last_open_shortCondition + last_open_shortCondition * sl ? 
     last_open_shortCondition + last_open_shortCondition * sl : na, "Short SL", slColor, style=3,join=false, linewidth=2,offset=1)

bclr = not clrBars ? na : tradeState==0 ? GRAY : 
                          in_longCondition ? close<last_open_longCondition? DARKGREEN : LIME :
                          in_shortCondition ? close>last_open_shortCondition? DARKRED : RED : GRAY
barcolor(bclr,title="Trade State Bar Colouring")


//////////////////////////////////
//======[ 战略进入与退出 ]======//
//////////////////////////////////

if testPeriod() and isLong
    strategy.entry("Long", 1, when=longCondition)
    strategy.close("Long", when=longClose )

if testPeriod() and isShort
    strategy.entry("Short", 0,  when=shortCondition)
    strategy.close("Short", when=shortClose )
    
// --- Debugs
//plotchar(longExit,title="longExit",location=location.bottom,color=na)
//plotchar(longCondition,title="longCondition",location=location.bottom,color=na)
//plotchar(in_longCondition,title="in_longCondition",location=location.bottom,color=na)
//plotchar(longClose,title="longClose",location=location.bottom,color=na,color=na)
//plotchar(buy,title="buy",location=location.bottom,color=na)
// --- /Debugs
//开单时改变背景
bgcolor( in_longCondition ? lime : na, transp=90)
bgcolor( in_shortCondition ? red : na, transp=90)

////////////////////////////
//======[ 重置变量 ]======//
////////////////////////////


if longClose or not in_longCondition
    last_high := na
    last_high_short := na
    
if shortClose or not in_shortCondition
    last_low := na
    last_low_long := na
    
if longClose or shortClose
    tradeState := 0
    in_longCondition := false
    in_shortCondition := false

    
//plotchar(tradeState,"tradeState at EOF",location=location.bottom, color=na)
// EOF

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